What does Hobbes mean by sovereignty Is his understanding of this Essay

What does Hobbes mean by sovereignty Is his understanding of this concept still relevant today - Essay Example In addition, a modest relationship between subjects executing expected obedience and a sovereign who extracts obedience to none also exists. This vertical construction of sovereign and subjects, rendering to this theory, is similar to the pillar of a man. The structure establishes a vital component of any human society which owns a system of law as the support comprises a vital part of the man. Where this structure exists, we may legally speak of human society pegged with its sovereign. Therefore, as a single independent state, we may also voice its law. In situations where this structure is vague, we cannot lawfully apply those expressions. This is because the relation of the sovereign to the subjects constitutes part of the very connotation of those expressionsThomas Hobbes' philosophy of government Hobbes stated a clear personal sureness in his point as the 'author or inventor of a reliable political science'. Published in 1647 in De Cive, Hobbes made a maiden and cautious claim t o have exposed a way of 'rationalising investigation into political activities hence creating a 'new science'. The mechanical resemblance became for Hobbes both apposite and inevitable. Civic struggle was translating to disaggregation of the modern 17th century English state. As a result, it demonstrated to him that the endorsements which held it composed, were neither undying nor 'natural (Morris, 1999). Hobbes was mainly intent on the formation of an unbiased, notional science of government that would stress the importance of truth above the pleasures of rhetoric or the value of propaganda (Fukuda, 1997). He emphases his attention on rudimentary principles rather than altering institutions or systems of government. Leviathan can, consequently, be seen as a political person that can exhibit noble, republican, monarchical or autonomous features (Sim and Walker, 2003) Thomas Hobbes and his renunciation of the principle of right reason. Hobbes's first squabble in support of the principle of absolute sovereignty is fundamentally the dispute against right reason. This is described as the idea and the heart of Hobbes's ethical and political attitude (Zagorin, 2009). His doctrine of complete sovereignty is derived principally from the denial of this doctrine. Almost everything that we can learn in his concept of sovereignty can be established in his negation of this squabble. It is worth noting that this argument that leads to his deduction that it is crucial for the sovereign to be unconditional, and to possess actual enforcement or intimidating powers. Hobbes is predominantly concerned with the central problem of human life in the commonwealth. This is pegged with the way in which conflict ascends from those numerous, plans, schemes and desires, which cause the individuals action. He sets out to institute that, if each person were to be permitted the liberty to shadow his own conscience, then in the occurrence of an assortment of such principles, peace and synchronization in the commonwealth would be momentary. This is due to an all universal tendency to divergence, and the attendant danger of civil non-compliance (Fukuda, 1997). Problems created by men existing in a civil society do not only

The cardinal rule Essay Example for Free

The cardinal rule Essay The cardinal rule in creating a presentation is that the opening must be able to immediately engage the audience and capture their attention. While it is also important to maintain the interest of the audience all throughout the presentation, the first five (5) minutes of the presentation are the most crucial. It is more difficult to capture the attention and captivate the audience during the course of the presentation. This is the reason why any opening presentation must be able to draw the audience in and the body of the presentation (assuming that it is a very good one or interesting for that matter) will take care of the rest. It is important to remember however that mere gimmickry or showmanship will not do the trick as the opening presentation must also contain substance because the primary goal of any presentation is to inform and not just entertain. The key mistakes that presenters often make is to create such an entertaining and amusing opening presentation that it acts as a distraction and makes the audience remember only the opening but not the other relevant segments of the presentation. An example of this would be the presentation of an ad agency agent in front of the Marketing Board of PepsiCo. The presenter had a whole array of media equipment at this disposal and even had mascots during the opening presentation. While the board was initially impressed, the failure of the presenter was that the hype and excitement that he managed to generate at the opening could not be sustained throughout the presentation. The end result was that he lost the contract and all that could be remembered from this presentation was the opening. An effective opening presentation must therefore be entertaining and informative enough to capture that attention of the target audience but it must not be the highlight of the presentation. Remember, it is the entire presentation itself that matters and not just the opening.

Thingyan: A Celebration of the Burmese New Year :: Burma, Myanmar

Everywhere I went, there was water. People on the road were all soaked from head to toe. They seemed to like the fact that they are wet. But why would they want to get wet? Because it's Thingyan. Thingyan is a traditional Burmese celebration which is the water festival. It is a celebration of the Burmese New Year. People celebrate Thingyan in April, the hottest month of the year. The Burmese people threw water at each other to cool themselves down, and as Burmese people believe it, to clean away the bad deeds of the previous year. Many flowers bloom in this time of the year and Padauk is the most special among them. Padauk is a spray of small yellow flowers that bloom on little stems. Among the dark green leaves, this yellow flower looks very pretty. Padauk is the typical flower in Thingyan. In some villages, boys would pick those flowers for girls to wear. Most girls wear them even if boys wouldn’t pick flowers for them. In the olden days, people would splash water at each other with buckets of water. They would tease each other and eat special food like, Montloneyaybaw (means–round snack floating on water). Montloneyaybaw is a floating rice dough ball, which had been boiled. In the center, it has a piece of jaggery. It is served with coconut shreds. Just to have fun, the Burmese people who made this dough would put chili instead of jaggery. People would never get angry at each other for it is Burmese New Year and getting wet is a normal thing at Thingyan. Now a days, as the culture developed, people use water guns and water hoses to make others wet. Young people would dye their hair to make themselves look cool. They would go around the town in cars to get wet. People who use water hoses would be on stages, throwing water from a high place. There would also be bands playing or dancers dancing on the stages at the back. Even though the culture developed, the traditional practices are still the same. People still throw water to wash away the bad deeds they did in the previous year. But most of the young people threw water for fun. They think this is the time of year to gather all your friends and go around getting wet. But some young people still follows the real tradition of Thingyan.

Essay --

Even though the American Revolution constituted represented a tremendous strike against the old social order, its founding ideals could not be realized within the socioeconomic framework that existed in colonial America. Power was placed in the hands of the moneyed class, which utilized federal, state, and local governments to consolidate its political and economic control. Small farmers, artisans, the working poor, and slaves faced injustices. Combating injustice is a long process and any relief is slow coming. Election campaigns require tremedous financial resources, so bought-and-paid-for politicians are servants of a financial aristocracy and not rather representatives of the American people. powerful interests—whether industrial, financial, or agricultural—that predominated in each state whose wealth and power far surpasses the European ruling classes so despised by the Founding Fathers. noble dream that the United States was founded on could not be fully realized within, was belied by the development of capitalism and the resulting exploitation of an emerging working class and the dispossession of small farmers. social inequality inequality and injustice still remaining privilege United States to seize control of the key strategic regions of the world In order for the American ruling class to impose its deeply reactionary agenda of austerity and imperialist expansion, it is dispensing with democracy and resorting to ever more repressive forms of rule. the winner will rule, not with the consent of the people, but at the bidding of Wall Street, which, with the rest of corporate America, is financing their $3 billion presidential campaigns. each state would have two senators, regardless of population, thus effectively dep... ...Constitutional Convention against â€Å"Insufficient checks against democracy† Thus, a tax on whiskey had a direct impact on income. And the fines for tax violation could exceed most people’s yearly earnings. Moreover, the tax was organized so smaller distillers would pay by the gallon, while larger distillers, who could produce in volume, could take advantage of a flat fee. The net effect was that big producers could undersell smaller ones. Hogeland states, â€Å"The goal was industry consolidation† more direct and extreme form of democratic expression to the demands of the popular classes. progressive tax on wealth diplomacy political cover† for the military operation power runs bottom-up rather than top-down unfulfilled ideals exploitation and social inequality against entrenched wealth and power to build a society based on the rule of law rather than rank and privilege.

Smooth Otter Report

INTRODUCTION Otters belonging to the order Carnivora of class Mammalia, are semi-aquatic members of the family Mustelidae which also includes weasels, martens, polecats, badgers, skunks, grisons and minks. Otters are placed in the sub-family Lutrinae (Khan W. A. et al. ,2010). Genus Lutrogale ;Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) (Ogamba E. N. & Abowei J. F. N. ,2012) ( Figure 1) . The smooth otter is the largest otter in Southeast Asia that comment otter. It was named for its shorter, smoother coat than that of other otters with appears velvety and shiny.This otter is monogamous and usually seen – round in small family groups of 4-6 members comprising a pair and their offspring from breeding seasons. It has a more rounded heads and a hairless nose compared to other otters. It also has a tail that is more flattened, in contrast to the more rounded tails of other species and measures 60% of its body length. Otters dependent on the monsoon rains breed between August and December. Gestation period is 61-65 days. They give birth to 2 to 5 cuns per litter.The young are born and raised in burrow near the water. Smooth Otters may hunt as a team either at night or in the daytime. They capture their prey with mouth, but their strong, webbed feet with sharp claws are dexterous enough to retrieve and manipulate objects. Their food likes fish, frog, prawn and crab. Besides, smooth-coated otter are excellent aquatic adaptation. It is possible to introduce to each other at all age; it is infinitely more successful when the otters are young (IUCN/SSC, 2008). Hartley R. 2011 had mentioned that as a social animal, the smooth-coated otter lives in family groups consisting of a male, dominant female and cubs. They are a proficient and ready swimmer. Besides, they also have the usual humped otter gait on the land, and can move quite rapidly . It is possible that there are no smooth otters currently in captivity in zoos likes in Zoo Taiping or wildlife parks. Since they are noisy, extrovert and tolerant of humans, adapting well to zoo life, this is surprising (Wright L. C, 2010). [pic] Scientific classification | |Kingdom: |Animalia | |Phylum: |Chordata | |Class: |Mammalia | |Order: |Carnivora | |Family: |Mustelidae | |Subfamily: |Lutrinae | |Genus: |Lutrogale | |Species: |L. perspicillata | LITERATURE REVIEWS Characteristics Smooth coated otter is nocturnal mammal otter and adapted to a semi-aquatic mode of life with flattened head, thick muscular tail, smooth and dense pelage and comparatively large paws that are webbed between digits (Roberts, 1997 ; Khan W. A. et al. ,2010). Webbing between all digits but, more extensive on the hind feet. The claws are sharp and probably aid in gripping.The hind feet are generally larger than the fore and the hind legs are longer leading to the typical hump-backed gait when traveling across land supported by Smith J. R. , 2008. The hair structure of the Lutrinae has been analysed to see if the different s pecies could be identified using hair characteristics and also to determine if the hair characteristics have an adaptive value or are influenced by the phylogeny of the group (Kuhn, Rachel A. & Wilfried M. ,2010). Habitat Otter sites varied significantly from non-otter sites, and comprised of loosely packed sand and rock, and lacked hard-packed sand, stone, gravel, vegetation and canopy cover (Shenoy K. , Varma S. & Devi Prasad K. V. , 2006).The more natural the surroundings the better so a substrate of grass, soil, pebbles, non abrasive sand (not sharp sand), and mulch as opposed to concrete will be beneficial to the otter group. If the pond is artificial and not filtrated it must be cleaned weekly. Fresh drinking water must be supplied for each day in a clean, non- spillable, disinfected container. The warmer the water the more these tropical otters swim. An ideal temperature is about 80 to 85 ° F (26. 6 – 29. 4 ° C). Pools can be constructed of many different materials such as plastic liners, concrete, gunnite or a natural pool dug out to the appropriate depth (IUCN/SSC, 2008). Behavior Smooth-coated otters are strong swimmers (Lariviere S. & Hwang Y. T. ,2005).In short, it is likely that otters undoubtedly store enough oxygen in the lungs, blood and muscles for a typical dive but experience bradycardia when pushed as a result of fear or necessity (Smith J. R. , 2008). Although otters enjoy and spend a lot of time in water they also require plenty of dry land for resting, grooming, digging and foraging (IUCN/SSC, 2008). Food and feeding habits The selection of prey by the smooth-coated otter in response to the variations in abundance of fish (Asghar Nawab & Syed Ainul Hussain, 2012 ). Smooth-coated otter is a top carnivore of wetlands and feeds mainly (up to 96%) upon fish (Khan W. A. et al. ,2010). Surprising, Goldthorpe et al. 2010, reported that a smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) was observed and photographed attacking and killing a water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator) in a small pond at the Forestry Research Institute, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. Smooth-coated otter attacking and killing such a large animal became the targets of repeated â€Å"tail-nipping† by the otters. The river otter has few natural predators because of its strength, sharp teeth, aggressiveness when attacked, and aquatic habits (Saunders, D. A. 1988). Communication According to Duplaix,1980 and Maxwell,1960;Wright L. C. , 2010;are two good sources for information about this species vocalizations, particularly the latter. Duplaix speaks of harsh nasal snorts and whines, and says they are a noisy species, with a varied repertoire of discrete social sounds.This is backed up by Maxwell, 1960, account of Mijbil, his pet smooth-coated otter of the Iraqi subspecies. Maxwell describes the call note as a short, anxious, penetrating but not loud chirp. The query is Ha! in a loud, harsh whisper. Furthermore, Maxwell, 1960, also describes a c ontinuum through from the chirp to a musical bubbling interspersed with chirps to a high, snarling caterwaul or scream/wail preceding attack. The main form of non-vocal communication in this species is spraint, which is produced frequently. The animals create large, very smelly communal latrines at prominent sites, such as large flat rocks, comparatively high up river banks compared to sympatric Eurasian Otters.In communication with other otters in the family group, otters seem to use their mouths as the main means of non-vocal communication, mouthing, nipping and gripping each other (Wright L. C. , 2010). Breeding Khan W. A. et al. ,2010, stated that this animal form strong monogamous pairs; males are larger but still females dominate the pair. Breeding may occur throughout the year, gestation period varies from 61-63 days and young ones at their birth are covered with fur and their eyes do not open until up to 10 days. The weaning takes almost 130 days and the young ones start tak ing fish at the age of three months. Liter size of 2-4 cubs is normal and rarely five but recently six cubs have been observed in Sindh. TreatThe smooth-coated otters considered to be â€Å"Vulnerable† due to an inferred future population decline caused by habitat loss and exploitation (Hussain et al. , 2008). Facing extremely high risk of extinction due to multitude of detrimental factors (Muhammad Rais et al. ,2009). Khan W. A. et al. , 2010, reported that habitat fragmentation, otter-human conflicts, hunting for skins and lack of awareness among general public are main threats to the species. METHODOLOGY Post monitoring and data collection. (General activity) I studied 3 smooth-coated otter ( Lutrogale perspicillata) at Zoo Taiping. I did not collect data on pre behavior because it was a one day field trip only.I recorded the smooth-coated otter`s activity every 5 min via scan sampling with instantaneous recording. I adapted behavioral categories and de? nitions from http: //www. seaworld. org/animal-info/info-books/otters/adaptations. htm. The de? nitions of behaviors that I recorded are in Table I. I recorded observations from 12. 40 p. m to 1. 30p. m.. |Table I : Behavior classi? cations and description | |Category label |De? nition of activities included within category | |Groom |All otters must continually groom their fur to maintain its insulating qualities.Otters spend a | | |substantial amount of time grooming, and many species of river otters have designated areas on land for | | |drying and grooming their fur. Most vigorously dry themselves by rolling on the ground or rubbing | | |against logs or vegetation. | |Swim |Otters are excellent swimmers. They swim with movements of the hind legs and tail. Freshwater otters | | |†dog paddle† with all four feet when swimming slowly or floating. When swimming at a high speed, the | | |entire body, including the tail, undulates up and down and the hind feet steer. | |Play |Some researcher s believe that sliding is a form of play in river otters.For some species, otters of all| | |age classes have been observed sliding. Others believe otters only use these slides for low-energy | | |travel, maintaining that otters generally do not climb to the top of a slope for another slide. These | | |latter researchers have observed very little behavior they interpret as play. | |Rest |Freshwater otters generally rest and sleep on land, either above ground or in dens. They are not | | |particular about where they sleep and often do so even in areas of moderate disturbance.Individual | | |animals often have several resting places. | |Feed |The Smooth-coated otter is a carnivore and in the wild its diet is more than 90% fish over 15cm long, | | |mainly slow-moving fish such as catfish; the balance is frogs, birds, turtles, water snakes, crabs and | | |water rats. The metabolic rate is high, and these active otters will consume 20% of their bodyweight a | | |day. In the wild, they wi ll have several hunting sessions throughout the 24-hour period, interspersed | | |with rest periods. |Diving |Otters can remain under water for 6 to 8 minutes. | |All other behavior |Communication | | |Drinking | | |Defecating | | |Urinating | |Adapt from http://www. seaworld. org/animal-info/info-books/otters/adaptations. htm | RESULT No | | | | |[pic] |[pic] | |12. 40 p. m : Play |12. 45 p. m : Rest | |[pic] |[pic] | |12. 50 p. m : Swim |12. 55 p. m : Rest | |[pic] |[pic] | |1. 00 p. m : Groom |1. 00 p. : Rest | | | | |[pic] |[pic] | |1. 05 p. m : Swim |1. 10 p. m : Rest | |[pic] |[pic] | |1. 15 p. m : Play |1. 20 p. : Swim | |[pic] |[pic] | |1. 25 p. m : Groom |1. 30 p. m : Rest | DISCUSSION From monitoring, I can see the smooth-coated otter have recycles similar activities. Much activity occurs in the water. The webbed feet, strong legs, and long, muscular body and tail adapt the otter to a semi-aquatic lifestyle. Smooth-coated otters are swim with movements of the hin d legs and tail.They use all four feet when swimming slowly or floating. The fur is thick and water proof with two types of hair; a dense under fur which traps an insulating layer of air and remains dry while the otter is swimming and the longer, overlying guard hairs that are water proof (Foster-Turley et al. , 1990; Khan W. A. et al. ,2010 ). Once in the water, an otter is a tireless and superb swimmer, propelling itself with the tail, which also serves as a rudder, and powerful thrusts of the hind limbs. Although otters enjoy and spend a lot of time in water they also require plenty of dry land for resting, grooming, digging and foraging (IUCN/SSC, 2008). On land, they lope or bound.Grooming is a frequent activity and entails rolling in the snow, mud or vegetation, often at the same location known as a landing or a hauling-out site. River otters engage in activities collectively designated as play, for example, repeated touching, shoving, tossing, and manipulating of prey, stones or other objects, or tobogganing down mud or snow slides (Saunders D. A. ,1988). Like other carnivores, smooth-coated otters use scent for inter and intra specific communication. They have a pair of scent glands at the base of the tail, which they use to mark vegetation, flat rocks, or shorelines near feeding areas. This marking behavior in otters is called sprainting.Most of the spraint sites consisted largely of loosely packed sand, and a small amount of rock, but lacked canopy cover, dense vegetation and stony or gravely substrates. Sites with these features are suited for grooming activities, which may explain why the substrate seemed to be the major factor in site selection by otters (Shenoy K. , Varma S. & Devi Prasad K. V. , 2006). Otters are intelligent, active, curious creatures and an ideal day would be to be fed 3 or 4 times a day, have plenty of stimulation and activities which include playing and foraging and also have time to rest out of the public view if so desired (IUCN/SSC, 2008). Vocal, tactile, and chemical signals are the chief means of regulating otter social behavior. Besides, the otters use chirping and humming sounds as contact calls.They hiss, purr, and whistle in other contexts (Saunders D. A. ,1988). CONCLUSION Smooth-coated otter called as Lutrogale perscipillata is known to Zoo Taiping. Besides, they are highly charismatic and popular animals of high concern to fishermen, naturalists, scientists and wild life conservationists the world over. Otters have an intrinsic beauty and they are exciting. Smooth-coated otters, one of the most intriguing semi aquatic mammals, habitual of living amphibious lifestyle, both in water and nearby lands are celebrated for living a life of mystery, disguise and concealment (Singh A. K. , 2011). Smooth-coated otters are well adapted to swimming and foraging in the water supported by Ferti D. Jackson M. & Yin S. , 1994. They have aqua dynamic, webbed feet, fine rudder, fur-tive and high metabolic rat e. It was amazing facts by Khan W. A et al. , 2010, the smooth coated otter (Lutragale perspicillata) considered to be a suitable indicator of pollution level in a wetland. Unfortunately, the smooth-coated otter life is on the brink of extinction. All small carnivore sightings were in or adjacent to protected areas. While this may suggest that their status outside such places could be of concern, it may simply reflect unequal search effort, in that night drives were not conducted at the same rate outside protected areas (Pillay R. ,2009).Otters need to be noticed to undertake stiff protection, taking practical steps for preventing decimation of endemic populace going from â€Å"Vulnerable† under â€Å"Red List† of IUCN to endanger with each passing day. The smooth-coated otter is an important ecological indicator of a healthy wetland and associated biodiversity, especially the fish fauna (Khan W. A. at el. ,2009). Feeroz M. M. , Aziz M. A & Thanchanga P. K, 2011, suppo rted that good habitats with enough food and little human interference can enhance and ensure breeding potentiality and success as well as survival. REFLECTION Firstly, praise to Allah and special thanks to Dr. Syakirah, my fellow course-mates and my family in helping me doing this assignment.My second animal observation at Zoo Taiping is smooth-coated otter. There are a group of three active smooth-coated otters in a spacious and natural like enclosure supported by Shenoy K. , Varma S. & Devi Prasad K. V. , 2006. I watched them for about an hour and it’s really fun and entertaining to watch them with their recycle behavior activities. Most of the time, the otters enjoyed swim in the â€Å"swamp† area and resting on the rocks while grooming. Sometimes, they also play around with each other on the sand area and return to water to swim. IUCN/SSC, 2008, mentioned that those otters are very great swimmer and diver. I was really exciting to see them doing that.There was a t ime when they just stand beside the glass window looking at all the people outside like they are really proud when people watch them supported by Wright L. C, 2010. By looking at the otter’s activity for around an hour, it taught me a lot on their behavioral adaptation. It makes me realize how important and valuable are our nature. Hussain et al. , 2008, reported that smooth-coated otter is also one of the â€Å"Vulnerable† species and human is one of the factors and greatest threat to them, both directly and indirectly. Habitat destruction, water pollution, fishing activity and disease can lead to fragmentation of their populations and extinction.It is our responsibility to protect our wildlife and make sure this little and full of fun creature to continue swimming for years to come. Stop pollution and live harmony with nature so that our next generation can experience and appreciate what we have today. Overall, by writing this report I gained some researching benefit s. One is that I am more aware of what is happening to endangered species. Another is that I know now that humans have a responsibility to protect our wildlife. I also gained confidence in myself. By writing this report, I have some experience in writing reports, and as a biology teacher, I will share this great information to my students, family and friends. REFERENCESAsghar Nawab & Syed Ainul Hussain, (2012), Prey selection by smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) in response to the variation in fish abundance in Upper Gangetic Plains, India Feeroz M. M. , Aziz M. A & Thanchanga P. K, (2011). BREEDING ACTIVITIES OF Lutra perspicillata IN BANGLADES. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 28(A) 2011. http://www. otterspecialistgroup. org/Bulletin/Volume28A/Feeroz_et_al_2011a. pdf Ferti D. , Jackson M. & Yin S. , (1994). Otters In Galveston Bay Waters. Galveston Bay Foundation. Vol. 6, Number 3. Goldthorpe, G. , Shepherd, C. , Hogg, S. and Leupen B. , (2010). Predation of water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator) by smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) in Peninsular Malaysia. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 27  (2): 78 – 84 Hartley R. , (2011). Animal facts: Smooth-coated otter. http://www. helium. om/items/2226524-smooth-coated-otter-lutrogale-perspicillata-vulnerable-otter-species-icun-red-list-fishing-otter Hussain, S. A. , de Silva, P. K. , Mostafa Feeroz, M. (2008). Lutrogale perspicillata. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009. 1. . IUCN/SSC Otter Specialist Group Otters in Captivity Task Force. (2008). Minimum Husbandry Guidelines for Smooth-Coated Otters in Captivity. http://www. otterspecialistgroup. org/Library/TaskForces/OCT/Husbandry_Guidelines_for_Keeping_Smooth-Coated_Otters_in_Captivity_1st_Edition. pdf Khan W. A. et al. ,(2010). Status of Smooth Coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata sindica) in Pakistan. Pakistan J. Zool. , vol. 42(6), pp. 817-824, 2010. Khan W. A. et al. 2009). A SURVEY OF SMOOTH COATED OTT ERS (Lutrogale perspicillata sindica) IN THE SINDH PROVINCE OF PAKISTAN. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 26(1) 2009 Kuhn, Rachel A. & Wilfried M. ,(2010). Comparative hair structure in the Lutrinae (Carnivora: Mustelidae) mammalia. Volume 74, Issue 3, Pages 291–303, ISSN (Online) 1864-1547, ISSN (Print) 0025-1461, DOI: 10. 1515/mamm. 2010. 039,August 2010 Lariviere S. & Hwang Y. T. ,(2005). Mammalian Species : Lutrogale perspicillata. American Society of Mammalogists Muhammad Rais et al. ,(2009). Recent Records of Smooth-Coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) from Sindh, Pakistan* Pakistan J. Zool. , vol. 41(5), pp. 13-414, 2009 http://zsp. com. pk/pdf1/413-428%20(11). pdf Ogamba E. N. & Abowei J. F. N. ,(2012). Some Predatory Fishes, Birds, Mammals and Some Other Animals in Culture Fisheries Management. International Journal of Fishes and Aquatic Sciences 1(1): 16-34, 2012 ISSN: 2049-8411; e-ISSN: 2049-842X  © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2012 Otters. (2005). A SeaWorld E ducation Department Publication Pillay R. ,(2009). Observations of small carnivores in the southern Western Ghats, India. Small Carnivore Conservation, Vol. 40: 36–40, April Saunders D. A. ,(1988). Adirondack Mammals. State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry. 16pp. http://www. esf. edu/aec/adks/mammals/otter. htm Shenoy K. ,( 2003). `Against the Current` :Otters in the River Cauvery, Karnataka, Occasional Report No. 11. Otter Research Group Japan. Wildlife Trust of India, New Delhi. Pp Shenoy K. , Varma S. & Devi Prasad K. V. ,(2006), Factors determining habitat choice of the smooth-coated otter, Lutra perspicillata in a South Indian river system. CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 91, NO. 5, 10 SEPTEMBER 2006 Singh A. K. , (2011), Smooth Coated Otters of Cauvery River : â€Å" Ambassadors of wetlands Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation†. http://mmhillswildlife. blogspot. com/p/cauvery-otter. html Smith J. R. ,(2008).

Cell Membrane Lab Report Essays

Cell Membrane Lab Report Essays Cell Membrane Lab Report Paper Cell Membrane Lab Report Paper Time (min) Total Diameter (mm) Distance of Diffusion * (mm) Rate (mm/min) * 15 30 45 Potassium Permanganate 5 Celsius Methyl Blue 5 Celsius Total Diameter (mm) Distance diffused = diameter of each reading minus initial diameter Rate distance in mm/elapsed time (min) Double click the chart below. A spreadsheet will open. Enter the data from the table above into the spreadsheet in the areas provided. When you are finished, click into another area of the lab report. The spreadsheet will close automatically. Do not close the spreadsheet with the X in the upper right corner. What effect did temperature have on the rate of diffusion? How did molecule size affect the rate of diffusion? What happens to the rate of diffusion over time? Why? What can you conclude from this experiment? II. Osmosis Osmosis EXERCISE 2 Osmosis demonstration After 15 minutes, record the volume change in each tube. Seismometer Dialysis Tube Contents Beaker Contents Volume Fluid Moved Direction of Movement 2 Describe the net movement of water in seismometer 1 . Describe the net movement of the water in seismometer 2. How is the movement of water molecules related to the concentration gradient of the water? EXERCISE 3 Effect of solute concentration on rate of osmosis Subtract the beginning mass from the final mass for each of the five bags. Record the difference in the table below. Double click the chart below to open a spreadsheet and enter the results from the table above to complete the graph. When you are finished with your work, click into another area in the lab report to close the spreadsheet (do not use the X in the upper right hand corner). For visual purposes the answer key shows the chart only from 10 grams to 22 grams. Your chart will begin at 0 grams. Answer the questions below based on data displayed in the graph above. Was the direction of net movement of water in bags 1 to 4 into or out of the bags? Which bag gained the most weight? Why? Explain the results from bags 4 and 5. Viewing the data you entered in the table above, summarize the results for each bag. Summary Tonic of Bag/Beaker 3 4 5 Ill. Permeability of Membranes EXERCISE 4 Differential permeability Tube 3 is tested for starch. Tube 4 is tested for chloride ions. Enter the data from the lab exercise into the table below. Contents of Beaker Contents of Bag O min 60 min Starch Chloride Ion Which substances diffused through the dialysis membrane? How does dialysis tubing model the differential permeability of a plasma membrane? What physical property of dialysis tubing allows it to be differentially permeable? IV. Tonic Tonic Hypotonic Isotonic Hypersonic Turgid. Polynomials. Lists Lased Hemolytic Hemolytic Creation A. Tonic in Plant Cells EXERCISE 5 Polynomials in Elodea cells Label which sample is turgid and which is polymerase (Answer 1 in each column). Label the cell wall, central vacuole, plasma membrane, and chloroplasts on each slide. For a more detailed view of the slides below, increase the document size to 150% using the drop-down feature on the toolbar or look under mom in the view options of the menu bar.

18 vs. 21 Essay

18 vs. 21 Essay 18 vs. 21 Essay Position Details Page 1 of 2 IT Technician I Type:Part Time Non Benefited Salary:$18.95-$25.10 Status:Recruiting Closing Date:03/21/13 Job Summary Provide assistance and support to in-house computer users; installing, maintaining, and servicing individual PC’s; and advising and supporting the in-house training programs. Please note that the current vacancy is for a project position; however, this recruitment may lead to an eligibility list to fill any future vacancies for the same classification for up to six months. EOE The "Ideal" Candidate Perform a variety of professional and technically skilled tasks in the installation, maintenance, operation, and coordination of the City's computer information systems. Effective Public Relations skills. Establish and maintain effective working relationships. Essential Functions Assist and coordinate a City-wide preventive maintenance program. Develop and implement policies, procedures, and standards relating to information technology activities. Deal with confidential information and develop security strategies for the maintenance of the computer network system. Insure that new City facilities are appropriately equipped with all necessary computer equipment. Produce and distribute statistical data, reports and computer printouts as necessary. Interpret and follow technical manuals and develop, maintain, and update training guides and procedural manuals. Oversee information technology functions, such as, electronic mail and printer sharing. Provide assistance to departments to meet current and plan for future data processing/computer/automated information technology needs. Maintain systems and standards for data base design, backup and recovery.Coordinate activities to resolve program and system problems. Conduct product research. Assist with selection of new hardware and software. Operate, maintain, and repair hardware. Install computer equipment and software, and customize installed software to the specific requirements of the user department. Monitor "back-up" systems and file servers. Interface with vendors and customers in a professional and courteous manner. Monitor computer maintenance and repair contracts. Provide assistance, recommend, and evaluate software-training courses. Oversee, advise and support the City’s Computer User Group.Provide assistance to the public, City staff, and other Governmental agencies.Provide information at the public counter, in writing, and on the telephone. Knowledge of: Principles and techniques of computer system programming, networking and software strategies. Techniques and procedures pertaining to installation and maintenance of

The Chemistry and History of Silly Putty

The Chemistry and History of Silly Putty Silly Putty is an amazing stretchy toy thats sold in a plastic egg. In the modern era, you can find many different types of Silly Putty, including types that change colors and glow in the dark. The original product was actually the result of an accident. Silly Putty History James Wright, an engineer at General Electrics New Haven laboratory, may have invented silly putty in 1943 when he accidentally dropped boric acid into silicone oil. Dr. Earl Warrick, of the Dow Corning Corporation, also developed a bouncing silicone putty in 1943. Both GE and Dow Corning were trying to make an inexpensive synthetic rubber to support the war effort. The material resulting from the mixture of boric acid and silicone stretched and bounced farther than rubber, even at extreme temperatures. As an added bonus, the putty copied newspaper or comic-book print. An unemployed copywriter named Peter Hodgson saw the putty at toy store, where it was being marketed for adults as a novelty item. Hodgson bought the production rights from GE and renamed the polymer Silly Putty. He packaged it in plastic eggs because Easter was on the way and introduced it at the International Toy Fair in New York in February of 1950. Silly Putty was a lot of fun to play with, but practical applications for the product werent found until after it became a popular toy. How Silly Putty Works Silly Putty is a viscoelastic liquid or non-Newtonian fluid. It acts primarily as a viscous liquid, though it can have properties of an elastic solid, too. Silly Putty is primarily polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). There are covalent bonds within the polymer, but hydrogen bonds between the molecules. The hydrogen bonds can be readily broken. When small amounts of stress are slowly applied to the putty, only a few of the bonds are broken. Under these condition, the putty flows. When more stress is applied quickly, many bonds are broken, causing the putty to tear. Lets Make Silly Putty! Silly Putty is a patented invention, so specifics are a trade secret. One way to make the polymer is by reacting dimethyldichlorosilane in diethyl ether with water. The ether solution of the silicone oil is washed with an aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution. The ether is evaporated off. Powdered boric oxide is added to the oil and heated to make the putty. These are chemicals the average person doesnt want to mess with, plus the initial reaction can be violent. There are safe and easy alternatives, though, that you can make with common household ingredients: Silly Putty Recipe #1 This recipe forms a slime with a thicker consistency, similar to that of putty. Solution of 55% Elmers glue solution in waterSolution of 16% sodium borate (Borax) in waterFood coloring (optional)Ziploc bags Mix together 4 parts of the glue solution with one part of the borax solution. Add food coloring, if desired. Refrigerate the mixture in the sealed bag when not in use. Silly Putty Recipe #2 The glue and starch recipe may also be seen as a slime recipe by some people, but the materials behavior is much like that of putty. 2 Parts Elmers white glue1 Part liquid starch Gradually mix the starch into the glue. More starch may be added if the mixture seems too sticky. Food coloring may be added, if desired. Cover and refrigerate the putty when not in use. This putty can be pulled, twisted, or cut with scissors. If the putty is left to rest, it will pool out, like a thick liquid. Things to Do With Silly Putty Silly putty bounces like a rubber ball (except higher), will break from a sharp blow, can be stretched, and will melt into a puddle after a length of time. If you flatten it and press it over comic book or some newpaper print, it will copy the image. Bouncing Silly Putty If you shape Silly Putty into a ball and bounce it off a hard, smooth surface it will bounce higher than a rubber ball. Cooling the putty improves its bounce. Try putting the putty in the freezer for an hour. How does it compare with warm putty? Silly Putty can have a rebound of 80%, meaning it can bounce back to 80% of the height from which it was dropped. Floating Silly Putty The specific gravity of Silly Putty is 1.14. This means it is more dense than water and would be expected to sink. However, you can cause Silly Putty to float. Silly Putty in its plastic egg will float. Silly putty shaped like a boat will float on the surface of water. If you roll Silly Putty into tiny spheres, you can float them by dropping them into a glass of water into which you have added a little vinegar and baking soda. The reaction produces bubbles of carbon dioxide gas, which will stick to the spheres of putty and cause them to float. As the gas bubbles fall off, the putty will sink. The Solid Liquid You can mold Silly Putty into a solid form. If you chill the putty, it will hold its shape longer. However, Silly Putty isnt really a solid. Gravity will take its toll, so any masterpiece you sculpt with Silly Putty will slowly soften and run. Try sticking a glob of Silly Putty to the side of your refrigerator. It will stay as a glob, showing your fingerprints. Eventually it will start to ooze down the side of the refrigerator. There is a limit to this it wont run like a drop of water. However, Silly Putty flows.

Beling reflective about 1 article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Beling reflective about 1 - Article Example In this program, she initiated that traditional assessment measures are accompanied with additional measures, classrooms are to be differentiated, and development is enhanced through preparatory services, early intervention and parent outreach. One of Robinson's critiques is Margie K. Kitano. Kitano debunked the premises in Robinson's action plan through her paper "Gifted potential and poverty: A call for extraordinary action." Instead of saying that income level produces social inequality, she pointed at the complexity of the situation, particularly in migration, that indeed, it is almost difficult to separate the two from each other. She therefore said that undermining the importance of the racial factor would indeed "not solve society's unsolved problems." Instead also of claiming that the source of the reduction in the proportion of identified gifted but economically disadvantaged children is the negatives effects of poverty, she cited the work of Brooks-Gunn and Duncan (1997) that environmental conditions outside the family have a major impact on the quality of life of these children, and therefore this problem is rooted not on the family conditions per se, but the assessment procedures in which these children are bei ng selected.

The Management of Green and Ethical Issues Essay

The Management of Green and Ethical Issues - Essay Example The Stern report points out that it is necessary for the energy sector to cut down the use of fossil fuels by 60% to retain the atmospheric balance. So, in the energy sector, there is the threat of water pollution, air pollution, and depletion of fossil fuel that is non-replaceable (Stern Review final report, HM Treasury). So, evidently, it is high time for businesses to look for alternative energy sources. Some other important environmental issues caused by businesses are the huge production of waste, water pollution, air pollution, and the loss of land and biodiversity. Probably because of this understanding, more and more consumers are going green. It is probably this realisation that made many companies to think about environmentally sustainable ways of operation. In other words, many companies presently think it is important to have an impressive range of environment protection measures as a part of their corporate social responsibility. A study by Hurst (2004) identified that a considerable proportion of leadership companies presently identify the value of taking care of environmental issues and the value of assessing their own performance on a regular basis. Corporate reputation Evidently, the first benefit associated with going green is the improvement in a company’s corporate reputation. It is seen that large high profile companies are effectively utilising an attractive CSR that helps the company enjoy a considerably greater reputation that it cannot normally achieve. A perfect example for this is the beauty and cosmetics giant The Body Shop (Values Report, 2009). The company, from its very inception, stood firm on certain ethical and environmental principles. For example, it is against animal testing, artificial ingredients, environmental degradation, and forced labour. The company claims itself to be carbon-free, and it advocates fair trade and fair price, along with the concept of community trade which ensures that the company procures its ingredients from marginalised producers (ibid). If someone thinks that all these cost the company a lot as this would make the company’s products expensive, the exact opposite is true. The companyâ€⠄¢s surveys show that 89% of its customers value the company’s ethical activities highly (ibid). Financial benefits According to USA Today reports, many companies have realised how to make money or save money through environmentally sustainable practices. For example, the Sun Microsystems saved hundreds of millions of dollars through the introduction of telecommuting (Sun’s open work energy measurement project, 2009). However, the industry that is benefiting the most from the green revolution is the hotel business. For example, the Holiday Inn on King in Toronto saved nearly $ 14,852 in a year by introducing low-flow

Poland Part 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Poland Part 2 - Essay Example The new Constitution embodied the many changes in the political, economic and social structures of the government including the executive, legislative and judicial branches. Intensive efforts to turn around the country’s economy largely through liberalization and adoption of globalization measures as well as political decisions like entry into the European Union and aligning itself with the NATO were resorted to by the Polish government not only to access the wider European market but to ensure the security and integrity of its territorial jurisdiction. To some extent many of these measures worked, like for example, attracting foreign direct investments into the country. There is still however vestiges of the past that refused to go away, like corruption, which are unattended to largely because of the revolutionary way with which the country transitioned and therefore the resulting inadequacies of some of the laws that were put in place during the quick changing of the guard. President. The President of the Republic of Poland acts as its Head of State and Commander-in-Chief of the country’s Armed Forces. Previously, the President was elected by the National Assembly but since 1990, this position has been electable by popular vote. The powers of the Poland President is contained in the Short Constitution which was enacted on October 17, 1992, a document which formally put into writing all the changes and reforms instituted within the years 1989 and 1990 containing, among others, the legal framework of the entire government and its responsibilities. Subsequently, the Constitution of 1997, which was approved by a majority of the people in a national referendum, divided executive power between the Council of Ministers and the President. Among the powers of the President is the prerogative to nominate the members of the Council of Ministers which is composed of the Prime Minister, the Deputy

Question 2 Z Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Question 2 Z - Essay Example However, their distinct differences in terms of formation, structure and ultimate objective distinguishes them. Interest groups are encapsulated within the blanket of pressure groups, which are organizations that are formed on a voluntary basis and are private in nature operating not to form a government but aims at influencing and regulating policies that a government formulates. Pressure groups are either cause groups or Interest Groups (Kenneth 200). Pressure Groups are the groups that aim to influence the government politically, a significant distinctive feature. Interest groups are different from cause groups as they (interest groups) focus on occupational aspects that affect their members; be it issues to do with business, trading, and professional regulations among others. Its main focus revolves around the welfare of those they fight for in occupational capacities. For example, a Teacher’s Union would raise teachers’ grievances to the Ministry of Education concerning delayed salaries. Structures and hierarchical line of power that commands broad edges of issues affecting people with a belief that given a chance they can provide solutions to those problems. They aim to escalate to power and provide political governance to the people and the issues they touch on are much more general than those of interest groups, which are only about occupational issues. As referenced by Caramani (200), adapted from Huckshorns (1984:10), a political party is a group of independent individuals whose aim is to compete in nominations and run for elections in order to escalate to power and have control of the government. Arguably, political parties aim to escalate to power and capture government offices that give it a mandate for governance. According to Caramani (268), Social Movements are collections of individuals with a clearly recognized rival and are involved in a battle and share a central

Primary school teachers ICT training in UK Article

Primary school teachers ICT training in UK - Article Example This will be a barrier in the ICT teaching. (Wheeler, 2000). The Teacher ICT training in UK is being offered and driven by the UK government via the Department for Education and Employement (DfEE). It is mandatory for all UK Primary School teachers to take trainings in ICT, and the UK government was working on a 100% target as of the year 2002. The DfEE has got training centers that are used for the trainings. (Wheeler, 2000). The skills that the teachers are being trained on are ICT resource skills. These vary from ability to timetable lessons, offer learning material, offer examinations, check pupil assignments and other extra curriculum activities. (Riel, 2000, p. 9-24). The next skill the teachers learn is the use of ICT educational space to enable modern trend network communications between teacher and pupil. Teachers are also trained in ICT collaborative educational skills that will enable the pupils to social be able collaborate with latest technologies such as discussion formatted ICT lists. Teachers are also trained on the autonomy management of pupil learning which will take as much creative shape as is the technology in the coming days. (Wheeler, 2000). These training are both technical and integrative skills in the classroom lessons. The technical bit of the training is including and goes beyond Computer Mediated Communication.

Question 2 Z Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Question 2 Z - Essay Example However, their distinct differences in terms of formation, structure and ultimate objective distinguishes them. Interest groups are encapsulated within the blanket of pressure groups, which are organizations that are formed on a voluntary basis and are private in nature operating not to form a government but aims at influencing and regulating policies that a government formulates. Pressure groups are either cause groups or Interest Groups (Kenneth 200). Pressure Groups are the groups that aim to influence the government politically, a significant distinctive feature. Interest groups are different from cause groups as they (interest groups) focus on occupational aspects that affect their members; be it issues to do with business, trading, and professional regulations among others. Its main focus revolves around the welfare of those they fight for in occupational capacities. For example, a Teacher’s Union would raise teachers’ grievances to the Ministry of Education concerning delayed salaries. Structures and hierarchical line of power that commands broad edges of issues affecting people with a belief that given a chance they can provide solutions to those problems. They aim to escalate to power and provide political governance to the people and the issues they touch on are much more general than those of interest groups, which are only about occupational issues. As referenced by Caramani (200), adapted from Huckshorns (1984:10), a political party is a group of independent individuals whose aim is to compete in nominations and run for elections in order to escalate to power and have control of the government. Arguably, political parties aim to escalate to power and capture government offices that give it a mandate for governance. According to Caramani (268), Social Movements are collections of individuals with a clearly recognized rival and are involved in a battle and share a central

Martha Stewart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Martha Stewart - Essay Example She was the CEO of her own multi-million dollar empire who was now facing felony time at Alderson Federal Penitentiary for what amounted to pocket change for Ms. Stewart. How could things have gone so wrong for Martha? Could her attorneys have done something to present a more strategic defense for her case in an effort to minimize her sentence? Martha's case was a classic white-collar crime, and her troubles began shortly after selling ImClone stock based on insider information, a crime known as insider trading. She was contacted by the FBI and US Attorneys in January 2002 and scheduled an interview with them for the first week in February This was the first of several legal errors made in Martha's case. Martha, absent an attorney, ended up lying to the investigators during her initial interview A good defense would have been to exercise her right to remain silent. (Bennett, 2006). Defense attorneys familiar with white-collar crime all generally agree that cooperating with the authorities is not a good thing. The most common legal advice is, "not to give statements or otherwise cooperate with investigators until you’ve talked with an attorney" (Bennett, 2006). The most common defenses against financial crime are insanity, intoxication, incapacity, and duress. Most of her contemporary white-collar criminals say simply they were out of the loop and just did not know. This is known as the "Absence of Intent" defense which Enron, WorldCom, and others have popularized in the recent months. Entrapment is another common defense used in white-collar cases. The defendant claims they could not have committed the crime without the aid of the investigators. This defense is most often used after lengthy undercover investigations and would not have been usable in Stewart's case. Martha's initial error of lying without legal counsel was compounded by her attorney's failure to reach a plea agreement and allowing the case to go to trial. As many as 87% of federal fraud cases are settled with plea agreements and there is a sound legal reason for it. Sentencing can be negotiated during a plea agreement, but a judge is under strict restrictions and has to conform to federal guidelines when imposing punishment after a guilty verdict in a trial (France, 2004). The issue of Martha not testifying in her own behalf has also been criticized, though when a defendant takes the stand in a white collar case the defense runs the risk of the jury forgetting that the government has to prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt (France, 2004). The jury found Ms. Stewart guilty of lying to investigators and she received a sentence of 5 months in prison and 5 months on home detention. This was at the minimum end of the federal guidelines and below the national average of 15.7 month s prison time (US Sentencing Commission, 2003). The simple sale of a stock for what amounted to a few dollars drastically altered Martha's world. In a statement shortly after her release she commented, "The experience of the last five months ... has been life altering and life affirming" (Porteus, 2005). However, the damage that the trial did to Martha's image will be long lasting and costly. As a convicted felon, there will be restrictions placed on her ability to operate in certain financial positions. She has been denied entry into Canada and the conviction has scarred her status as a product spokesperson. The price of Martha Stewart stock took an initial beating and after 4 years has just returned to the level it was before the indictment. With the incident behind her, Martha has moved on with some new television programming, a successful talk and domestic show, and "Living". It just goes to prove that it's hard to keep a good thing down.

The Wall Street crash was responsible for the depression of the early 1930s Essay Example for Free

The Wall Street crash was responsible for the depression of the early 1930s Essay How far do you agree with the view that the Wall Street crash was responsible for the depression of the early 1930s? The Wall Street Crash was certainly a major factor in the depression of the early 1930s, as said in source 3, setting off a devastating economic collapse. However, it was not the sole reason for the depression but only a segment. The economy was rotten well before the Crash in areas such as agriculture, industry and the banking system which had far more significant consequences. The Wall Street crash was certainly responsible, to a certain degree, for the economic downturn which brought USA to its knees through the 1930s. The frenzy of unregulated speculation which had fuelled the huge stock market bubble, with stock prices far outrunning economic growth, had burst. When panic selling began investor anxious to minimize losses sold as fast as possible. This quickened the fall in share prices. As stock values plummeted with industrial stock falling by 50 per cent between September and November 1929, business confidence evaporated. The lenders, often including large banks, which had been fuelling the boom, called in their money and the market collapsed. When people werent able to repay loans to fragile banks, which lacked sufficient reserves, bankruptcies and bank failures multiplied. However, as the accredited Historian David Reynolds states; In itself the stock market crash of October 1929 was not decisive, in any case only about 1% of the population owned securities in 1929. The importance of the stock market crash was that it showed an economic future which was uncertain. As a result millions of Americans cut back on spending and new debts which caused a massive contraction in the economy as a whole, as Aggregate demand dwindled. It is certainly clear that poor health of American agriculture, which had been suffering through the 1920s and did not share in the boom, had much more responsibility for the economic depression compared to the Stock market crash. In 1929, American farmers annual income stood at an average of $273 a year, well below the national average of $750 and their hard times as well as lack of purchasing power was an important factor. The 1920s had been a period of overproduction which had driven down the price of agricultural produce; this problem was further exacerbated by the huge amounts of imports from countries such as Argentina. As, incomes fell, farmers fell behind with mortgage repayments and loans used to invest in new equipment. This was critical as much of this business had been done with rural banks with limited capital. Which were highly vulnerable to sudden large-scale withdrawals or runs. Due to hardship on the agricultural economy which had a direct impact on the rural banks, almost 5000 collapsed between 1923 and 1930. As stated in source 3, Farmers, badly off to begin with, entered a new era of adversity. Though the adversity of farmers was an important in bringing about the banking crisis, it was only a trigger, there were much more fundamental flaws exposed by the depression. As stated in source 2, at the 1920s there were 30,000 independent banks in existence in the United States which made the banking system fragile to the extreme. Unlike Great Britain, there had not been the consolidation of small banks into a few giants which could withstand an economic storm. Combined with the lack of federal regulation; were no federal deposits insurance system existed, the allowance of banks to make purely speculative loans and hold limited capital for security against shocks was an important element of the depression, and the severity of it. Though the most important reason for the economic depression is linked to the Stock market, agriculture and the banking system; the role of the federal government. It was the failure of the Republican Administrations, who embraced a free-market laisse faire economic model, to effectively control an overheating economy which caused the catastrophic downturn seen in the 1930s. As shown by its failure to regulate the banks efficiently. Also The Federal Reserve Bank kept money tight when it should have encouraged spending to stimulate economic growth. It made it difficult to borrow by maintaining high interest rates. This forced banks to call in loans and sell assets to maintain liquidity, resulting in the price of property and shares to experience renewed falls. As stated in source 1, the United states narrow-minded economic policies of protectionism, looking to secure American industries in the domestic market, limited foreign markets that could be tapped. The best example would be the Hawley smooth tariff act which effectively chocked off international trade. This is supported by source 3, which states, by the summer of 1932 imports and exports had dropped to only a third of 1929 levels. In essence the macroeconomic policies of Hoover, the president, and the republican administration were utter failures in stimulating the components of aggregate demand needed to combat the depression. Through its monetary policy of high interest rates, when low interest rates were need to encourage borrowing and spending; or its fiscal policy of rising taxes to pay for public spending, taking away money from consumers which needed to American goods for there to be growth. In conclusion the Wall Street Crash certainly contributed to the economic depression, but as D. McCoy said, it was more a trigger-one that was a symptom of deeper and more complicated causes. He was referring to crippling state of American agriculture which left millions of Americans in poverty, the fundamental flaws of the banking system which collapsed when economic pressure was applied. However, the most important reason for the depression was the failure of the Republican government. To control an overheating economy, this now was trying to correct itself, with cataclysmic consequences for the economic welfare of the average American.

Management Principles Company

Management Principles Company Subject principles of management Henri Fayol (born 1841in Constantinople ‘Istanbul; died 1925 in Paris). He graduated from the mining academy of St. Etienne (École des Mines de Saint-Étienne) in 1860 as a French engineer. At the age of 19 he first entered into a mining company Compagnie de Commentry-Fourchambeau-Decazeville as an engineer and then later on was known to become the managing director of the company from 1888 to 1918. It is said that he took over the company as a managing director when the firm was in crisis and was expected to come to a close. Henri Fayol was the man that brought the company from near closure to a boom stage. Fayol was also known to be an observant theorist and did not believe in paper work or mathematics. He found out simple tools and ways to help the workers to speed up their tasks that would eventually lead to better production and better overall results of the company. Fayol has made 3 key contributions to management. Firstly, he differentiated between technical and managerial skills. Secondly, he constructed 5 main functions of a manager (planning, organizing, commanding, co-coordinating and controlling).thirdly and the most important; he laid down the 14 principles of management that he thought were common to all organisations. No doubt due to his great contributions he is rightly named the father of management thought. Fayol laid down the five main principles of a manager / management. This he believed were basic activities that a manager had to perform in accordance to establishing a recognized and competitive firm. The following lines talk about the five elements of management: Planning: â€Å"Planning is chalking out a plan of action, i.e. the result envisaged, the line of action to be followed, the stages to go through and methods to use.† Fayol. (P.C.Jain, C.Sharma, M.Nandrajog, 2003). Fayol believed that it is necessary to plan before you start any new venture or project. If the external and internal environment are not properly studied and plans drawn accordingly it is highly unlikely for the project to be a success. Organizing: organizing is mainly bringing all the resources namely human resources,financial and material resources together to build a proper structure. It is mainly identifying in detail the activities and objectives of the plan and accordingly divide the activities in jobs and different sections depending on the nature of the jobs. Commanding: it generally refers to guiding the employees on how to perform the various jobs or activities. A manager should be able to estimate the efforts or energy of the employees and as a result create harmony and initiative among the workforce. Coordinating: mainly involves the balancing the activities and actions of the workforce to create peace and harmony and bring together the personnel to solve general problems amongst them. Controlling: is concerned with ensuring that the goals or objectives of the organization are met as efficiently and effectively as possible. (P.C.Jain, C.Sharma, M.Nandrajog, 2003). It also involves making sure that the company is going in the right direction as planned and achieving the set goals within the deadlines. However, in the later few years Fayol`s five elements of management were further expanded by the American Luther Gulick and Brit Lydnall Urwick into seven elements which are as follows : Planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting and budgeting. Like mentioned above his most significant contribution to management are the 14 principles. These principles were laid down by Fayol based on his personal experiences and through the observation of tasks and activities carried out by the workers. â€Å"He believed the principles to be flexible and not absolute and to be utilized as the situation demands† (P.C.Jain, C.Sharma, M.Nandrajog, 2003) Discussed below are Fayol`s 14 principles of management. O  Ã‚   Division of work:   Fayol believed that the work is best carried out when it is carefully divided and each person is given their specific divided task to be carried out. It also ensured that the work was carried out effectively and efficiently. The main advantage according to fayol for the division of work was specialisation. He insisted that when a worker carried out a particular task a number of times he specialises in that work and is the best man for that particular job. O  Ã‚   Authority and Responsibility: No individual can give his best performance unless he is given the authority to perform the responsibility he is given. For e.g.: if an individual is given the responsibility to organise an event but is not given the authority to appoint who will carry out what task then its not possible for the event to be a success as for that to happen he should be given the right to appoint the best man he thinks is right for the job and also take any necessary decisions that comes along the way. Responsibility is nothing but the obligation to carry out any particular task assigned and authority is the right to take decision in regards to the responsibility. Fayol believed authority and responsibility to be at parity. O  Ã‚   Discipline:   Fayol believed that for there to be discipline in the organisation it was necessary to have good supervisors at all levels. He did not like the idea of anyone breaking the rules and causing disorder. Moreover he wanted there to exist a mutual respect and understanding between the manager and employees of the company where the manager should take decisions keeping in mind the best interests of the employees and in turn the employees respect that decision and work for the betterment of the company. O  Ã‚   Unity of command:   under this principle fayol wanted to insure that a subordinate should get orders from one and only 1 superior. He argued that if a subordinate got orders from more than one superior there was always a risk of excuse and the work not getting done. To illustrate: if a O  Ã‚   Unity of direction: fayol said that all the activities and tasks that are of the same type or nature should have the same goals and plans. This means that all tasks of similar nature will have one manager and one objective  (P.C.Jain, C.Sharma, M.Nandrajog, 2003) .This will ensure the work running smoothly and help speed up the process. For example; fast food chain restaurants like McDonalds  have an international market and each market will differ according to the external environment of that place which will include the religious aspects, legal aspects, technological aspects etc. To elaborate the plan or strategy that works in U.K may not be the same as that of India cause both the countries have different markets and the expectations from the customers may not be the same. So each division must plan according to their external environment. Subordination of individual interests to general interests: fayol believed that â€Å"the interest of the group should supersede the interests of the individuals†. In addition, the management should ensure that the individual interests merge with the interests of the group. Remuneration: fayol observed that fair methods of payment or remuneration motivate the employees to work hard and remain loyal to the company. This also works best in the interest of the employee and the employer. Centralization: centralization means that the authority will be in the hands of a few. Fayol did not entirely mean that the company should be centralized but he assumed that the process of decision making should be done by the managers which will reduce the pressure on the employees and also mentioned that according to different circumstances the company can determine a centralized or decentralized approach. Fayol basically believed that thought the organisation is centralized it should give the subordinates enough authority to carry out their responsibilities. Scalar chain: according to fayol scalar chain is the â€Å"line of authority† or the â€Å"chain of superiors from the highest to lowest levels†. He alleged that if the workers always follow the line of authority it may lead to slow decision making for e.g.: if a sales manager wants to get in touch with the marketing manager regarding some problems they are facing he will have to go through a line of authority which might take time. Fayol suggested that two individuals at the same ranking can communicate with each other without going through the chain of superiors. This breaking of the line of authority was called â€Å"gang plank† by fayol. Order: this principle is divided into â€Å"material† and â€Å"social order†. Order simply means that everything should be in its place or a place for everything and everyone. This also emphasizes that the right man should be selected for the right job and at the right time. As it is nicely put â€Å"order according to fayol was nothing but ‘a place for everything (everyone) and everything (everyone) in its place. (P.C.Jain, C.Sharma, M.Nandrajog, 2003). Equity: fayol understood that if the workers were given a fair and reasonable treatment they would be motivated to work hard and give in their finest performance. He believed that employees should not be discriminated on the basis of colour, caste, age, sex, etc. during any activity or circumstances that turn up in the company. Stability of tenure of personnel: according to fayol the unsteadiness of personnel in any organisation is a dreadful sign and goes on to show the incapability of the manager to keep his subordinates satisfied and happy. The instability also proves to be a costly affair for the organization as a whole. If the company wants to be a success it should ensure that the employees are content and are given enough time to adapt to the surroundings and the work place so as to give in their best efforts. Initiative: initiative generally means taking the first step or going against the odds to try out something new. In his principle of initiative that is what fayol suggests. For a company to achieve higher goals it is the duty of the managers to take initiative and undertake the projects which otherwise be ignored due to various reasons. In doing so he is setting a practical example for the subordinates to work hard and take initiatives to bring the company to a competitive stage in the market. Spirit de corps: in simple terms it means ‘team work. Fayol highlighted that the production results of a team or group is always higher than individual potentials. A team together is more daring and willing to take risks. Moreover, they come up with something extra called ‘synergy. Brainstorming can also be a good example. Fayol also emphasized that the manager should make sure that the members of a team are in harmony and are at easy while communicating with each other. Good interpersonal relationship among the employees is always a benefit for a company. In spite of Fayol`s contributions he was highly opposed during his time. The workers went on strike and refused to work until the rules set by Fayol were removed. It was argued that carrying out a task continuously over a period of time which was said to specialise them in that work, as specified in his principle of â€Å"division of work† was viewed as rather boring and tiresome to the workers. They believed that doing the same job over and over again would only make it worse since they would loose the interest. Moreover it could also be hazardous to those workers who work in coal mines or other dangerous areas. Herbert Simon (1946), a critic, also argued that the principles were vague and contradictory. (Kenneth J. Meier, John Bohte). Even though, after all these years Fayol has seemed to make a mark in history by his theories. True enough that they were not appreciated in those days but his principles have proved very helpful for many theorists to understand the concept of management and how to control and run a successful business. Many education centres and universities now teach about Fayol`s principles to help them have a deep knowledge about business and guide them through their business carriers. In many leading firms the basic elements planning, commanding, coordinating, controlling and organizing are followed and several principles (division of work, unity of command, scalar chain etc.) have helped managers to make activities simpler and easier. References: P.C.Jain, C.Sharma, M.Nandrajog, 2003.- business management. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Fayol http://www.analytictech.com/mb021/fayol.htm http://www.onepine.info/fayol.htm http://www.bola.biz/competence/fayol.html http://www.12manage.com/methods_fayol_14_principles_of_management.html http://www.lib.uwo.ca/business/fayol.html http://www.hrmguide.co.uk/history/classical_organization_theory_modified.htm http://www.iim-edu.org/managementgurus/Henri_Fayol.htm http://www.intute.ac.uk/socialsciences/cgi-bin/search.pl?term1=management+thinkerslimit=0 http://212.219.3.14/lrc/checkpoint/THINK/DATA/THK-16.HTM

America Must Censor Internet Pornography :: Pornography Censorship

Since their founding, computers and the Internet have become a tool that nearly every man, woman, and child in the World have been able to use. E-mail has become one of the Worlds fastest growing ways of communication and the Internet has become one, if not the largest source of information available today. You can find just about everything you wanted to know about anything with the stroke of a few keys on the keyboard. However, along with these positive aspects of the Internet, there lies much negativity surrounding the internet and its use. Access to teenage pornography, bestiality, brutal murder pictures, XXX stories, and other un-ethical sites is extremely easy. In fact, the pornography industry has grown 63% since the Internet was first available for use.(Bishop 91) It is one of the leading industries on the Internet and has become quite a controversy in the United States. Censorship of such sites has done very little due to the fact that most parents feel that these sit es are not accessed by their children. We have currently found no solution that has worked and many government officials see the problem only getting worse. Pornography on the Internet though should not be banned, but rather better controlled and censored due to its availability and graphic nature. Pornography on the Internet is available in different formats. These range from pictures and short animated movies, to sound files and stories. Most of this kind of pornographic content is available through World Wide Web pages. The Internet also makes it possible to discuss sex, see live sex acts, and arrange sexual activities from computer screens. There are also sex related discussions on the Internet Relay Chat channels where users in small groups or in private channels exchange messages and files.(Akdenis, 1997) There are millions of different pornographic sites on the internet, so there is almost no way of regulating every site unless there was some type of a universal censorship required for every site. Nearly every one of these millions and millions of sites is accessed daily. Men, women, and children of every age and race are on the Internet looking at inappropriate sites every day. Over 2/3 of Americans who have access to the Internet have accessed pornographic or o ther un-ethical sites, and the numbers are only growing.

Reputation Management :: Visibility, Transparency, Responsiveness

The research suggests that reputation comes from relationships and trust. Fombrun (1996) stated that to have a positive reputation managers must invest in building and maintaining good relationships. Building relationships with the company’s publics can result in a higher opinion of their reputation. These relationships also builds trust in the company. â€Å"Trust, like reputation, can take years and resources to build up, and while it may be difficult to break, it, again, like reputation, can take considerable time and even more resources to restore† (Bronn, 2010, pg. 310). With both relationships and trust, a company must be communicating with its publics. Van Riel and Fombrun (2007) developed six key communications principles that yield a high reputation: visibility, distinctiveness, authenticity, transparency, consistency and responsiveness (pg. 313). Applying these six principles to the Carnival case, we can determine if Carnival used them in managing their reput ation. Visibility deals with the public and market prominence of the organization or how much people know about the organization (pg 313). During this crisis, Carnival used social media to keep people updated about what was happening at sea. Before this instance, Carnival was a common name in the cruise industry. According to the Carnival website (www.carnival.com) Carnival is apart of the World’s Leading Cruise Lines alliance. Coombs (2010) said that, â€Å"a strong reputation prior to a crisis is an asset to organizations during the crisis† (pg. 478). Having this positive reputation before hand should help Carnival in the end with customers. Distinctiveness are the characteristics that set an organization apart from others. These characteristics can be its logo, slogan and trademarks (pg. 314). Carnival has all three, a distinct logo, slogan â€Å"Fun for All. All for Fun.† and trademarks on the names of ships, â€Å"Splendor†, â€Å"Freedom† and †Å"Liberty† to name a few of the 23 different ships (www.carnival.com). Authenticity helps make an organization real, genuine, accurate, reliable and trustworthy (pg. 314). By using social media and addressing the crisis head on, the company appears trustworthy to people. Carnival took responsibility for the accident and tried to solve it as quick as possible. The CEO of Carnival also made a public apology to those on the ship and to Carnival customers. Next, transparency is how much information and access stakeholders have about an organization (pg. 314). The Carnival Cruise Director John Heald went to his blog to offer updates and on-broad accounts to consumers and the press. Reputation Management :: Visibility, Transparency, Responsiveness The research suggests that reputation comes from relationships and trust. Fombrun (1996) stated that to have a positive reputation managers must invest in building and maintaining good relationships. Building relationships with the company’s publics can result in a higher opinion of their reputation. These relationships also builds trust in the company. â€Å"Trust, like reputation, can take years and resources to build up, and while it may be difficult to break, it, again, like reputation, can take considerable time and even more resources to restore† (Bronn, 2010, pg. 310). With both relationships and trust, a company must be communicating with its publics. Van Riel and Fombrun (2007) developed six key communications principles that yield a high reputation: visibility, distinctiveness, authenticity, transparency, consistency and responsiveness (pg. 313). Applying these six principles to the Carnival case, we can determine if Carnival used them in managing their reput ation. Visibility deals with the public and market prominence of the organization or how much people know about the organization (pg 313). During this crisis, Carnival used social media to keep people updated about what was happening at sea. Before this instance, Carnival was a common name in the cruise industry. According to the Carnival website (www.carnival.com) Carnival is apart of the World’s Leading Cruise Lines alliance. Coombs (2010) said that, â€Å"a strong reputation prior to a crisis is an asset to organizations during the crisis† (pg. 478). Having this positive reputation before hand should help Carnival in the end with customers. Distinctiveness are the characteristics that set an organization apart from others. These characteristics can be its logo, slogan and trademarks (pg. 314). Carnival has all three, a distinct logo, slogan â€Å"Fun for All. All for Fun.† and trademarks on the names of ships, â€Å"Splendor†, â€Å"Freedom† and †Å"Liberty† to name a few of the 23 different ships (www.carnival.com). Authenticity helps make an organization real, genuine, accurate, reliable and trustworthy (pg. 314). By using social media and addressing the crisis head on, the company appears trustworthy to people. Carnival took responsibility for the accident and tried to solve it as quick as possible. The CEO of Carnival also made a public apology to those on the ship and to Carnival customers. Next, transparency is how much information and access stakeholders have about an organization (pg. 314). The Carnival Cruise Director John Heald went to his blog to offer updates and on-broad accounts to consumers and the press.

How To Build Suspense and Scare the Audience Essay

The film Jaws, directed by Steven Spielberg, was created approximately 30 years ago. It tells the story of a shark which attacks and kills numerous people off the north-east coast of the USA in a small holiday resort called Amity Island. The attacks took place around the 4th of July, which in America, is similar to the British bank holiday. During this time, many Americans and tourists from abroad visit resorts such as Amity Island for a summer vacation. The director of the film, Steven Spielberg builds up fear of the shark using many different techniques. One of these techniques is the use of music. Spielberg uses a non-diegetic piece of music which plays whenever the shark is about to attack, almost like the shark’s very own theme tune. A non-diegetic sound is one which can only be heard by the audience and not by any of the characters in the film. Spielberg uses this particular technique just before the shark attacks Alex, the young boy who is swimming on his lilo. This technique makes the audience fear the shark, as whenever it’s played we expect another gruesome attack which adds a lot of tension to the film. Another technique used to increase our fear of the shark is showing the tremendous damage that it can cause. For example, towards the end of the film, whilst Brody, Hooper and Quint are out at sea attempting to catch the shark, it attacks their boat, resulting in the boat eventually sinking. Spielberg uses this method to give the audience the impression of the shark’s power and to suggest to them that the shark is indestructible, and that it will continue to kill innocent victims. A third technique with which Spielberg builds fear of the shark is the way in which he uses camera angles to show the sheer horror on the characters faces as they witness the attacks unfolding. For example, when Alex, the young boy is attacked, Spielberg uses a zoom, showing a close up of Brody’s face which is overwhelmed by horror and huge panic. By using this technique, Spielberg really gets the point across, from the characters’ perspective, of how terrifying the whole situation really is, which builds even more fear and tension for the audience. The choice and use of the music in the film Jaws also adds to the overall fear and tension experienced by the audience. For example, the music which is played just before the attack was chosen by Spielberg as it can be linked with the shark itself: the music starts quietly with a slow tempo as the shark swims around peacefully. Then, as the shark identifies its prey, the music begins to get both faster and louder. Then it begins to swim faster and close in on its victim, and as this happens, the music is gradually getting faster and louder. Then the shark bites, and the music explodes. Spielberg’s choice of music adds massively to the overall fear and tension in the film, because as soon as the music begins playing, the audience knows that an attack is imminent, they just sit there waiting anxiously. Then, the music explodes, coinciding with the attack, giving the audience a shock. Another way in which Spielberg uses the soundtrack to build tension and fear in the film is thro ugh contrasts of emotion. For example, at the start of the film before any of the attacks, a piece of diegetic music is played. This music creates a relaxed atmosphere so when the audience witness the first attack, it seems to come from nowhere, catching them by surprise. Another example of this is after the first attack on Chrissie, there is silence, and all that the audience can hear is the quiet ripple of the waves as they reach the shore. This makes the audience feel that everything is peaceful and calm, when in fact; they’ve just witnessed a terrifying shark attack. Another technique to provoke contrasting emotions is that of the music used just after Alex is attacked and killed by the shark. As Alex is attacked, everyone on the beach panics and rushes to get out of the water. At the same time, a young toddler is happily playing in the sand and quietly singing to himself. Again, as after the first attack on Chrissie, the audience can’t believe how something so terrible is happening when the mood set by the little boy is so calm and untroubled. This use of music and contrasting emotions builds up tension and fear affecting the audience as it makes them feel confused, as they can’t understand how things can be so pleasant then suddenly so devastating. Spielberg also exploits various camera techniques to build up fear and suspense in the film Jaws. For example, during the second attack on Alex, a lot of different camera techniques and angles are being used. The start of the scene is a tracking shot, showing Alex coming out of the sea and sitting next to his mother on the beach. After some persuasion, his mother lets him have just 10 more minutes in the water. Then a further tracking shot is used, as we follow Alex up the beach as he goes and gets his lilo. The use of this camera angle, which focuses the audience’s attention on Alex, immediately makes them feel more attached to the character. The next part of the scene shows Alex running into the sea on his lilo. The camera technique used for this part is a mediu m shot from a reverse angle, showing him from behind. This camera angle builds up fear as all the audience can see is Alex on his lilo and the bearing sea in front of him with no-one else in sight. This immediately makes the audience realise that Alex is vulnerable and that if something was to go wrong, help was a long way away. The scene then switches to a point of view shot from Brody, the police chief’s perspective. During this scene, a member of the public is talking to Brody, obscuring his and the audience’s view of the water. As Brody desperately tries to keep his eye on the water, the audience notice a young woman relaxing in the water. Then suddenly, she begins to scream and struggle and the audience automatically assumes she is being attacked by the shark, although it turns out that it was just her boyfriend playing around. This camera technique builds up fear as the audience realise that Brody is unable to help if an attack does take place. The next part of the scene involves a group of boys running into the water. The camera technique used for this part is a medium shot from a reverse angle. This camera angle shows the boys all alone in the sea, making the audience realise that they are, like Alex, vulnerable. It also makes us fear for their safety as the audience have just witnessed a false alarm with the young woman, and the potential of a real attack happening is fresh in our minds. Suddenly the shot changes once more to a point of view from the shark’s perspective. This shot shows the boy’s legs dangling under the water as well as Alex’s lilo on the surface. Spielberg’s choice of camera technique for this particular part builds up a lot of tension as the audience knows that an attack is coming, and that it’s almost as if we are just waiting for which boy the shark wants as its prey. Also adding to the tension in this scene is the fact that although the audience know about an attack being imminent, the eventual victim Alex doesn’t. This keeps them o n the edge of their seats as they are left almost shouting at the television screen for Alex to get out of the water! The attack the audience suspect is then confirmed as the shark’s non-diegetic theme tune begins playing and as this happens, the audience see the shark close in on its chosen victim. Immediately, the camera changes to a long shot. In the distance, the audience see the shark grab hold of Alex and hurl him into the air. As this happens, blood begins to spray from his body as he struggles desperately. Spielberg’s choice of camera for this scene makes the audience scared, as they see the whole attack unfolding, as well as for the first time, getting a look at the shark itself and discovering how big and vicious it really is. Instantly, the camera changes again, this time to a technique called a close up. The shot shows Alex under the water, desperately trying to free himself from the shark’s jaws before suddenly; he disappears in a thick cloud of his own blood. This scares the audience purely because of how gruesome it is. Once again, the camera angle changes to a medium shot, showing Alex’s mangled lilo calmly wash up shore in the slightly bloody water. The way in which the camera shows the lilo gently drift up shore, makes the audience feel sor ry and upset for Alex, as they feel they have made a connection with him in earlier parts of the film. The audience also have contrasting emotions, as they wonder how something so gruesome and devastating could have just happened when seconds later; everything was so calm and peaceful. Spielberg also tries to scare the audience by creating a lot of tension in the overall plot and particularly in the ending of the film. For example, he tries to create fear and suspense in the film by showing the first two attacks on both Chrissie and Alex close together at the start of the film. By situating them at the beginning of the film, the audience quickly realise that the first attack wasn’t a one off, and that the shark is almost like a serial killer. Another example of this technique of building tension and fear affecting the audience is the way in which Spielberg decides to add the third attack mid-way through the film, on the 4th of July with police chief Brody’s son involved. By showing the third attack mid-way through the film, the audience feel as if they have got to know t he main character, police chief Brody. So when the audience see the shark closing in on his son Mikey, they care more for his safety as they feel as if they have a connection with the family. By situating the third attack on the 4th of July, the audience see thousands of people flocking the beach at Amity Island, after Brody had desperately attempted to stop them from visiting because of the potential danger in the water. So when the third attack happens the audience are scared and shocked, as they realise that if only the Mayor hadn’t been so greedy for money and had Brody got his way, a third attack wouldn’t have occurred and Brody’s own son wouldn’t have been in danger. The last section of the film is really when Spielberg creates a lot of fear and suspense affecting the audience. One example in which Spielberg creates fear and tension in the film is when the shark attacks the boat whilst the three men, Brody, Hooper and Quint are out at sea. The scene involves the camera using a zoom technique and showing a close up of the wooden hull of the ship. As the shark attacks the boat, it endlessly pounds its head into the side of the ship and the audience can hear the wood beginning to creak under the strain as they watch it flex and bend. This scene builds a lot of tension because the audience think that any second; the shark is going to force a gaping hole in the side of the boat causing it to sink, which as a result would endanger the lives of the three men, who over the course of the film, the audience have bonded to. Another area of the film ending which contained a lot of fear and suspense was when after the damage to the boat had been repaired, Hooper, the shark expert, went down in the cage in an attempt to tranquillise the shark. During this scene of Hooper in the cage, the shark comes into view from nowhere and repeatedly crashes into the cage before eventually getting into it. This part of the film is full of tension because after every time the shark crashes into the cage, the more the metal frame begins to crumble. Then the audience see the shark close up, which scares them as they can see for themselves how fierce it really is. Immediately after, the audience see a shot of Hooper as he comes face to face with the shark for the first time, and his expression is ridden with horror. This reaction of his reflects on the audience as they then realise what it would feel like if they were within touching distance of the man-eating beast. But in my opinion, one of the scenes at the end of film has far more tension and fear than any of the others. This is the scene where Brody is alone in the sea after Quint has been eaten by the shark, and Hooper is under the water trying to hide from it. Brody is leaning on the mast of the sinking ship with a rifle in his hand when we see the shark gradually closing in on him. Brody shoots at the shark, but it continues to head straight for him, so he fires the gun again. Nothing happens, and by now the shark is just 10 metres away and Brody is down to his last bullet. He aims and fires, directly hitting the oxygen cylinder in the shark’s mouth. The tank explodes, blowing the shark into pieces. This part of the film is full of tension in the way that the shark is relentless and keeps gradually getting ever closer to Brody, who by now the audience feel connected to, and they begin to fear for his life. Also, the way in which Brody kills the shark with his last bullet keeps the audience on the edge of their seats. This scene is scary because of how unbelievably gory the shark’s death is. The audience see the shark blown up into shredded chunks of flesh as blood spurts everywhere. My scariest moment in the film is the death of Quint, the shark catcher. I think it’s full of the most fear because of how gruesome, gory and full of tension it is. The scene is full of suspense when Quint loses his grip on Brody, and agonisingly slides down the deck of the boat, straight into the jaws of the shark. Then it gets gruesome, because as the shark plunges its teeth into Quint’s chest, blood begins spewing from his mouth. Then the shark begins violently tossing him from side to side as Quint screams desperately before the audience here a loud crack. Immediately his body stops struggling and the shark calmly drags it under the surface of the water. Overall, in my opinion Steven Spielberg has successfully created a film in which the audience experience a lot of fear and suspense. He has effectively used many different techniques to do so, and as a result, more than 30 years on, Jaws is still recognised as one of the best horror films ever made.

Marshal Mcluhan Essay

What he means with the phrase â€Å"the medium is the message† is simply that the form of a medium embeds itself in the message, because the medium influences how the message is perceived and creates a symbiotic relationship between the two.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mass media†media itself, not the content it carries, should be the focus of study. He said that a medium affects the society in which it plays a role not only by the content delivered over the medium, but also by the characteristics of the medium itself. McLuhan believed that print media was the greatest influence in society. It took us from a primarily oral society, where the only means of spreading news or information was through verbal interaction with another person. When print media came about, this all changed. Suddenly information and news was printed, and all that needed to be done, was read. As print media heightened our visual senses, our verbal communication and interaction declined, leaving people far more private. This caused individualism to blossom, as social skills declined. With the introduction of the electronic age, we were acquainted with an audiovisual environment and given the opportunity to interpret the information in more than one way. With this, McLuhan then stated that different medium provoke different levels of participation from the individuals who consume it. He coined these differences as Hot and Cool Media. According to McLuhan, technology is an extension of the body. It improves, and helps us perform at a better rate, and does what the body cannot do on its own, be it some means of transport that is an improvement on walking, or something as primitive as a shovel too help us dig. Every extension is based on one before, and is normally seen as an improvement on its predecessor. However, when technology is over-extended, and starts to tip the scale more in a negative favour, it is referred to as an amputation. McLuhan comprised a tetrad of questions that, when asked, helps decide if the technology is merely an extension or if it is in fact an amputation. Hot and Cool Media In Understanding the Media, McLuhan stated that different media encourage different levels of participation. If you look at a photograph for example, very little participation is needed from the viewer in order to complete the photographer’s point of view or message. Because we single out one sense, and stimulate it above all the other, we would refer to this as â€Å"HOT† Media. In contrast to this, McLuhan used the example of a Comic, which gives us very little information, and encourages the reader’s participation to fill out the blanks in order to actually fully understand and enjoy the content. This is known as â€Å"COOL† Media Because Hot Media does not encourage as much participation, McLuhan states that more could be learned from Cool Media. He used the difference between a Lecture and a Seminar as another example. Seminars and Workshops normally encourage participation from its attendees, where a lecture is simple based on a classroom environment where there is a â€Å"teacher† and â€Å"students†. According to McLuhan, we are leading more and more into a society dominated by â€Å"HOT† media because the extensions of technology are becoming more independent of human operation and interaction. Many of these extensions aid in our everyday life in order to make it easier for us. However, are we at the point where technology almost does not ‘need’ US anymore? This is where McLuhan’s Tetrad comes into play. Many of our day-to-day activities have now been replaced with virtual and interactive counterparts. Shopping, for example, has now become as simple as going online and selecting what you need from a list, and the company delivers your purchases to your front door. We are now able to go on virtual tours through existing buildings as well as those that are yet to be built. The most common and accessible of these interactive replacements is the Nintendo Wii. The Wii is a gaming console that has reached the point where is has wireless operation and reacts to and with human motion. Its games range from common play station gaming like world of warcrafts and tactical gaming, to fitness and sport orientated games and programs with which you can play virtual matches or have simple workouts. Marshall’s Tetrad If you take something like the Wii gaming console, you can explain what he means by this in far simpler way. The questions are: What does the Technology extend? The Wii is developed on the same principle as of an Xbox and other gaming consoles. A form of interactive media that has extended to the point where it now has virtual exercise and sporting games you can play in your living room. With means of a wireless â€Å"power plate† and hand held cordless remote, Nintendo has virtually compiled almost every sport or physical activity one can do. So what does it extend? The Wii and its programs have been developed to stimulate its users physically and mentally, therefore it extends the entire body. Nintendo also have Learning games, which can help improve your memory, general knowledge and other literacy skills. What does it make obsolete? Instead of doing physical sport outside or in a more social environment like a gym, people can now exercise in the comfort of their own home. And for those that didn’t do sports or any general form of exercise due to embarrassment, inconvenience of any other reason now have the opportunity to get active. It has also changed video gaming in a huge way. Players now actually needs to physically get involved in the game when playing, and the cordless remote makes movement easier and gives the player more freedom. With the educational games, Wii has made learning easier, and more entertaining. By making it rewarding, people are more eager to actually know the information and get the answers right. They start asking questions like what they would get if they actually have the right answer, which misses the whole point of purely being educated. What is retrieved that use to be obsolete? The Wii encourages fitness, interaction and participation. With the digital era, fewer people are as active as they use to be a few years prior. We depend more on technology than ever, and seem to do fewer and fewer things for ourselves. Games like the Wii fit encourages physical activities for some that would not normally do it out of their own, by rewarding them for what they do. The educational and general knowledge games challenge people mentally, which general society doesn’t do as frequently as it use to, due to the fact that technology does most of our work for us. What does the medium reverse into when over-extended? This gaming console encourages more interaction than most. The most logical progression would be virtual interactive gaming, where player â€Å"step into a world† in which they play. They will be entirely involved in the dynamics and progression of the game. It will create a hyperreality that mimics a â€Å"real word†. The educational system could also lapse over into a media based development, where children learn via virtual tutors. Only problem is that they are constantly stimulated and entertained, and in the end, this could simply lead to shorter concentration spans rather than just more accessible knowledge. Conclusion Therefore, if one looks at the Wii, many will argue that it is a step forward in technology and that it is needed to keep up with our ever-changing world. It teaches us skills that are needed in everyday life, as everyday life is becoming more and more technologically dependant, and that this is our future in its simplest form. Others might argue that we are become less and less self-efficient and more and more dependable on the technology around us. We cannot function without computers and cellular phones anymore, and because of this, we have become more vulnerable without even realizing it. Technology has become such a great extension in our lives, that is has actually become our lives and our reality.